Class XII

Fundamentals of Human Geography

Chapter-1

Human Geography
Nature and Scope

“Human geography is the study of the changing relationship between the unresting man and the unstable earth.”
Ellen C. Semple

Chapter-2

The World Population
Distribution, Density and Growth

The people of a country are its real wealth. Ultimately a country is known by its people.

Chapter-3

Human Development

A meaningful life is not just a long one. It must be a life with some purpose. This means that people must be ….

Chapter-4

Primary Activities

Why are the inhabitants of coastal and plain regions engaged in fishing and agriculture respectively?

Secondary Activities

Why do Large-scale Industries choose different locations?.

Tertiary and
Quaternary Activities

The service sector that is knowledge oriented are quaternary and quinary activities..

Transport and
Communication

Today Internet is the largest electronic network on the planet connecting millions of people.

International Trade

The chief gateways of the world of international trade are the harbours and ports.

India – People and Economy

Population : Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition

The decadal and annual growth rates of population in India are both very high and steadily increasing over time. The annual growth rate of India’s population is 1.64 per cent (2011).

Human Settlements

Rural and urban settlements differ in terms of social relationship, attitude and outlook. Rural people are less mobile and therefore, social relations among them are intimate.

Land Resources and Agriculture

Over the years, there has been a marginal decline in the available total stock of cultivable land as a percentage to total reporting area. There has been a greater decline of cultivated land, in spite of a corresponding decline of cultivable wasteland.

Chapter-4

Water Resources

Chapter-5

Mineral and Energy Resources

Chapter-6

Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

Transport and Communication

The World’s longest Highway tunnel — Atal Tunnel (9.02 Km) has been built by Border Road Organisation. This tunnel connects Manali to Lahaul-Spiti valley throughout the year.

International
Trade

Kochchi Port, popularly known as the ‘Queen of the Arabian Sea’, is also a natural harbour. This port has an advantageous location being close to the Suez-Colombo route.

CHAPTER-9

Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is part of the urban renewal mission launched
by the Government of India to improve the quality of life in urban slums.

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